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Aristotle’s (384–322 BCE) four causes principle (or four causes theory) is one of the foundational pillars of his philosophy, particularly in metaphysics and natural philosophy. This principle systematically identifies four distinct types of explanation necessary to fully understand what something is, how it exists, and why it exists. According to Aristotle, genuine and complete knowledge (epistêmê) of a thing is possible only when we know its cause or causes (aitia). Thus, the Four Causes const