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Bayt al-Hikma (Arabic: بيت الحكمة) was an institution established in Baghdad during the Abbasid period, serving in Islamic cultural history as an academy of sciences, a translation center, and a library. It was institutionalized in the 9th century CE under Caliph al-Ma’mun, assuming a central role in translating scientific works into Arabic and transmitting diverse cultural heritages. Historical Background With the Islamic conquests, Muslims came into contact with ancient centers of civilization

Prof. Dr. Fuat Sezgin (1924–2018) is a scholar who researched, documented, and transmitted the history of Islamic sciences through written works to future academic literature. Born in Bitlis, Sezgin received training in Arabic-Persian philology at Istanbul University, conducted extensive studies on manuscripts, and played a pivotal role in institutionalizing the history of science through institutes and museums he established in Türkiye and Germany. Birth, Family Origins, and Childhood (1924–194

Library of Congress (Library of Congress), established in 1800 and located in Washington, D.C., is the national library and research institution of the United States. Created to serve the U.S. Congress, it has expanded over time to become the largest library in the world by collection size. The institution houses millions of books, manuscripts, maps, scores, audiovisual materials, and digital resources, providing services to members of Congress, researchers, and the public. Founding and Early Ye