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Fatima al-Fihri, a Muslim scholar, philanthropist, and education pioneer, founded the University of al-Qarawiyyin in the city of Fes, Morocco, in the 9th century—the world’s oldest continuously operating university. Also known by the title Umm al-Banin, meaning “mother of sons,” al-Fihri is one of the most significant figures symbolizing women’s presence in education and science in the Islamic world. Life and Origins Fatima al-Fihri was born around 800 CE in Kairouan, a city located within prese