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The Customs Union Agreement between Türkiye and the European Union is the agreement that represents the most advanced stage of economic integration between the two parties, with its foundations laid by Türkiye’s first association application in 1959 and its legal framework established by the Ankara Agreement of 1963. Initially conceived as a strategic milestone on the path toward full membership, this process progressed through three phases—preparation, transition, and final stage—and reached it

In April 2025, a widespread agricultural frost event across Türkiye was recorded as one of the most extensive and destructive agricultural disasters in the past thirty years. Sudden temperature drops between 9 and 13 April, with air temperatures falling below zero in many regions during nighttime hours, directly affected agricultural production in 36 provinces. This frost event coincided with the flowering and early fruit development stages of crops, causing severe damage to numerous product gro

Customs duty is a financial obligation imposed on goods when they enter (import) or exit (export) a country’s customs territory, with economic effects and revenue generation for public. This duty arises at the moment goods are presented to customs and is regulated under Law No. 4458 on Customs. According to Article 3/8-a of Law No. 4458 Law, it encompasses all taxes applied during import and export. These include Value Added Tax (VAT), Special Consumption Tax (SCT), Anti-Dumping Duty, Anti-Subsi

Foreign trade refers to the entire set of economic activities involving the exchange of goods and services between two or more countries. Because these activities are conducted beyond national borders, they are subject to different economic and legal regulations. Foreign trade has two fundamental components: exports and imports.Exports are the sale of goods and services produced within a country’s borders to foreign markets.Imports involve purchasing goods and services from foreign countries and

As a result of peace negotiations between Russia and Ukraine, we have begun to hear frequently about a concept known as Rare Earth Elements (REE).What makes this concept so significant? Or is this issue truly worthy of such attention?First, the term REE encompasses the lanthanides along with scandium and yttrium. Their applications are extremely broad, especially in everyday technological devices such as smartphones and automobiles, as well as in the transmission of renewable energy so