
Holism is an approach that asserts the elements within physical, biological, social, and cognitive systems are interconnected and therefore must be understood not merely as individual parts but as a whole. According to this perspective, the meaning and functioning of a system cannot be reduced to the sum of its constituent parts; the whole represents a more comprehensive structure emerging from the relationships and interactions among its components. Holism is also referred to in various discipl
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KaKarl Popper, as one of the most influential philosophers of science of the 20th century, made significant contributions to various topics such as the scientific method, theory selection, the distinction between science and non-science, probability theory, quantum mechanics, and the methodology of the social sciences. Popper's fundamental approach in the philosophy of science was that scientific theories must be falsifiable. According to him, for a theory to be considered scientific, it must be c
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