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Grace Murray Hopper (9 December 1906, New York – 1 January 1992, Arlington, Virginia) was an American computer scientist, mathematician, and rear admiral. She was the first person to propose the concept of machine-independent programming languages. As one of the earliest programmers of the Harvard Mark I computer, she was the architect of many fundamental concepts still used in software development today. Early Life and Education She was born on 9 December 1906 in New York City as the eldest of