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The greenhouse effect is the process by which certain gases in Earth’s atmosphere trap energy from the Sun, maintaining the planet’s temperature at a balanced level. When sunlight reaches Earth’s surface, it warms the land. As the surface heats up, it re-radiates this heat back into the atmosphere as infrared radiation. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere absorb a portion of this radiation and re-emit it back toward Earth, thereby preserving heat. Thanks to this natural process, Earth remains wit

Climate refers to the weather conditions observed in a region over many years. For example, hot summers and cold winters, or heavy rainfall in certain areas, are aspects of climate. However, in recent years, the climate has been changing in ways different from its natural state. Why is this happening, and what can we do about it? Let’s find out!What Causes Climate Change?Our planet is warmed by energy from the Sun. This energy passes through the layer of air we call the atmosphere and reaches th

Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement that, as an extension of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), imposes legally binding targets on industrialized countries to limit and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The Protocol was adopted at the third Conference of the Parties (COP3) to the UNFCCC in December 1997 in Kyoto Japan and entered into force on 16 February 2005 after the required ratification conditions were met. This agreement is the first international t

The carbon footprint is a key indicator used to measure the total amount of greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere as a result of the activities of individuals, organizations, products, or countries, and to assess the scale of climate change. This measurement is typically expressed in tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO₂e). The concept of CO₂e consolidates not only carbon dioxide but also other greenhouse gases such as methane (CH₄), nitrous oxide (N₂O), and fluorinated gases—each with i