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Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), a technological framework based on the separation of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from large industrial sources such as energy production facilities, steel, cement, and chemical industries before they reach the atmosphere, followed by their transportation under high pressure and long-term storage in suitable underground geological formations. Its primary objective is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by lowering atmospheric CO₂ concentrations, thereby limitin

Fossil fuels are non-renewable natural energy sources formed through the chemical transformation of remains of living organisms such as plants and animals that lived millions of years ago, under high pressure and temperature in an oxygen-free environment beneath the Earth’s crust. These fuels are rich in carbon and hydrocarbons. Since they release large amounts of energy when burned, they have become the primary energy source of the modern world since the Industrial Revolution. The most common a

Climate change refers to long-term and significant alterations in the global climate system, driven by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This phenomenon is directly linked to patterns of energy production and consumption. The use of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas for energy generation releases various greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, primarily carbon dioxide (CO₂). These gases trap heat radiated from the Earth’s surface, intensifying the green

The Paris Climate Agreement is an accord adopted unanimously by 195 countries at the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) held in Paris on December 12, 2015. The agreement aims to limit the global temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels while striving to ensure that the temperature increase does not exceed 2°C. It also calls for each country to submit its national contributions (INDC) for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and for these contributions to be reviewed every five