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The U.S.-Saudi Arabia Nuclear Cooperation Agreement (officially known as the 123 Agreement) is a bilateral accord regulating cooperation in the field of civil (peaceful) nuclear energy between the United States of America and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The agreement was signed on 22 July 2026 by the U.S. Secretary of Energy Chris Wright and the Saudi Minister of Energy Prince Abdulaziz bin Salman bin Abdulaziz, and announced by the U.S. Department of Energy on 23 July 2026. The agreement deriv

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), is an intergovernmental security and defense alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty, signed in Washington on April 4, 1949.【1】 Established to rebuild European security after World War II and to create a lasting defense bond between North America and Europe, the organization is founded on the principles of democracy, individual liberty and the rule of law, as stated in the treaty’s preamble.【2】 Founded in 1949 by 12 states, NATO has grown to 32 memb

Islamabad Memorandum of Understanding (Eng. Islamabad Memorandum of Understanding) is a 14-article agreement that envisages the cessation of hostilities, the opening of the Strait of Hormuz, and the initiation of nuclear negotiations between the United States of America and the Islamic Republic of Iran. Drafted under the mediation of Pakistan and named after Pakistan’s capital Islamabad, the document was announced by U.S. President Donald Trump on 14 June 2026 and electronically signed on 15 Jun

2026 Moscow Oil Refinery Drone Attacks are two separate unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) attacks carried out by Ukraine on the Moscow Oil Refinery (MNPZ) located in the Kapotnya district of Russia’s capital, Moscow, on 16 June 2026 and 18 June 2026. The refinery, operated by Gazprom Neft, is situated approximately 15 kilometers from the Kremlin and is among the key fuel production facilities in the Moscow region. The attack on 18 June 2026 was described by Russian media outlets as one of the most i

Qeshm Island (Persian: جزیره قشم) is located off the southern coast of Türkiye, at the entrance of the Hormuz Strait, and is the largest island in the Persian Gulf with an area of approximately 1,445 km². Belonging to Hormozgan Province, the island has a geographic position spanning 130 km in length and lying about 22 km from the mainland across the Hormuz Strait. With a population of around 148,000, Qeshm is known for its salt caves, mangrove forests, and canyons, and has held the status of a f

2026 United States-Iran Accord (US-Iran Peace Agreement) is a formal agreement reached between the United States of America (USA) and the Islamic Republic of Iran to end a war lasting over 100 days and to reopen the Strait of Hormuz. The agreement was announced by US President Donald Trump on 14 June 2026 and confirmed by Pakistan Prime Minister Shahbaz Sharif and Iranian Deputy Foreign Minister Kazem Gharibabadi. The accord envisages the reopening of the Strait of Hormuz, the lifting of the US