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Richat Structure (Richat Structure), located within the Taoudeni basin in northwestern Mauritania, is a circular geological feature approximately 40 km in diameter. At the surface, concentric ridges and depressions formed by Proterozoic and Early Paleozoic sedimentary rocks are observed. The structure is cut by various magmatic rocks including gabbro, rhyolite, carbonatite and breccia. Multiple geophysical data indicate the presence of a large mafic magmatic body beneath Richat and suggest that

In Türkiye’s Southeastern Anatolia Region, known for its rich natural resources and cultural heritage, Siirt stands out as a district notable also for its geothermal potential. One of the most prominent examples of this potential is the Biloris Thermal Springs, located within the boundaries of the Eruh district. Known locally as “Sağlarca Thermal Springs,” this thermal site is situated on the banks of the Botan River, within a natural cave. Enriched with minerals, shaped by its geological struct

In Türkiye, due to its location on the Alpine-Himalayan seismic belt and its complex geological history, intense volcanic activity has occurred in various periods. As a result of this activity, numerous volcanic mountains and structures have formed across the country. Today, while some of these volcanoes are considered active, the vast majority are dormant.Definition and Distribution of Active VolcanoesActive volcanoes are generally defined as those that have erupted during the Holocene epoch (a

The Meteor Crater is located approximately 35 kilometers east of Doğubayazıt, a district in Ağrı Province, Turkey, near the Iranian border. Positioned 2 kilometers northeast of the Gürbulak Customs Gate, this crater was designated as a second-degree natural protected area by the Erzurum Regional Board for the Protection of Cultural Assets in 1988. Due to its geographical location, the area holds significance for both scientific research and nature tourism.Physical CharacteristicsThe Meteor Crate

Chocolate Hills are distinctive conical karst formations located on the island of Bohol in the central Visayas region of the Philippines. This natural structure consists of approximately 1,776 hills formed through prolonged erosion and dissolution of limestone bedrock. The area holds significant geomorphological importance and influences the region’s hydrological and ecological balance. The Chocolate Hills are protected as a Natural Monument under national legislation and are monitored under env

Suluin Cave is an underwater cave located within the boundaries of the Finike district in Antalya Province, on the southern coast of Türkiye in the Mediterranean Region. It is situated approximately one kilometer west of the Finike district center, along the Finike-Demre highway. The cave is also known locally as “İncirli Cave” or “Gök Mağara.” Noted for its natural morphology and structural features identified through research, this cave is regarded as one of Türkiye’s significant karstic and m

Lake Superior is the world’s largest freshwater lake by surface area, covering approximately 82,103 km² (31,700 sq mi). It holds a volume of 12,100 km³ of water, equivalent to three quadrillion gallons—a quantity sufficient to cover North and South America with a layer of water 30 cm deep. Approximately 8% of the Earth’s surface freshwater is contained in this lake.Water Science School, “How Much Water is There on Earth?” USGS Science for a changing world, Son erişim: 7 Mayıs 2025, https://www.u

Birth and Early YearsIhsan Ketin was born in Kayseri in 1914. He adopted April 10 as his official birth date for administrative purposes in Germany. The natural environment around Mount Erciyes during his childhood formed the foundation of his interest in nature and earth sciences.EducationA successful student, Ketin was sent to Germany on a state scholarship. He began his studies in Berlin in 1932 but continued them at the University of Bonn due to political unrest in Germany, becoming a studen

Amazonite is a mineral belonging to the feldspar group and is particularly noted for its greenish-blue tones. Amazonite has the chemical formula KAlSi₃O₈ and is a variety of microcline feldspar. Trace elements within its crystal structure, especially lead and iron, are responsible for its characteristic coloration.Amazonite typically forms in granitic rocks known as pegmatites, where the slow cooling of the magma allows crystals to grow large enough to be visible to the naked eye. The physical a

Kepez Underground City is a subterranean settlement located within the boundaries of Kepez village in the Mucur district of Kırşehir province, Türkiye. It is situated approximately 14 kilometers from the Kayseri-Ankara highway and about 10 kilometers from the Kırşehir-Aksaray highway. Positioned at an elevation of 1035 meters above sea level, the underground city is easily accessible in terms of transportation.Historical and Cultural ContextKepez Underground City was constructed during the 3rd a