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Genetic engineering refers to the direct manipulation of an organism’s genome using biotechnological methods. Since the advent of CRISPR-Cas9 technology in 2012, gene editing has become more precise, affordable, and scalable, marking a turning point in both the scientific and ethical landscape of genetic modification. CRISPR’s ability to target and modify specific DNA sequences with unprecedented ease has intensified debates over the moral, legal, and societal implications of editing the human g