
The CRISPR-Cas system is an immune mechanism used by bacteria and archaea to defend against viruses. In recent years, it has become a transformative tool in the field of gene editing revolution. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) are sequences found in the genomes of microorganisms. These sequences contain genetic material derived from viruses (bacteriophages) previously encountered by the bacteria. CRISPR sequences work with Cas (CRISPR-associated) proteins to re
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Jurassic Park 3D is the 3D re-release of Steven Spielberg’s 1993 film Jurassic Park, which returned to theaters in 2013. The film centers on the chaos that ensues in a theme park populated by dinosaurs recreated through genetic engineering. Plot Under the leadership of billionaire John Hammond, scientists successfully reconstruct dinosaur DNA by extracting blood samples from mosquitoes preserved in amber. These DNA sequences are combined with frog DNA to recreate dinosaurs that went extinct 65 m
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Arif Zahid Yüksel
EtGenetic engineering is the process of directly modifying an organism’s genetic material. This technology enables the alteration of an organism’s traits by adding, removing, or adjusting specific genes. Application areas include medicine, agriculture, the environment, and animal husbandry. In medicine, genetic engineering is used in the treatment of hereditary diseases, gene therapy applications, and cancer research. In agriculture, it aims to enhance food security through the development of crop
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Akif Taha Külekçi

Genetic engineering refers to the direct manipulation of an organism’s genome using biotechnological methods. Since the advent of CRISPR-Cas9 technology in 2012, gene editing has become more precise, affordable, and scalable, marking a turning point in both the scientific and ethical landscape of genetic modification. CRISPR’s ability to target and modify specific DNA sequences with unprecedented ease has intensified debates over the moral, legal, and societal implications of editing the human g
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Ebrar Sıla Peri

Bioengineering is a multidisciplinary field that brings engineering principles to medicine and biology. It focuses on living systems and aims to solve problems that threaten the health and life of living beings, while also exploring opportunities for their development. Bioengineering covers a wide range of areas because it incorporates insights from various engineering disciplines, such as chemistry, agriculture, electrical and mechanical engineering. It particularly involves studies related to
ENFatma Beyza Şahin
GeGenetic engineering is a field of biotechnology that aims to directly modify the genetic structure of organisms by altering adding or removing elements from their DNA. This technology is applied in many areas including increasing agricultural production developing medical treatments and improving industry processes like. History The foundations of genetic engineering were laid in the 19th century with the work of Gregor Mendel on pea plants. The discovery of the DNA double spiral structure by Ja
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Transhumanism is a philosophical system based on the view that human biological limits can be overcome and human capabilities enhanced through scientific methods. In this context, transhumanism assumes that human nature is not static and can evolve under the influence of technology. Historical and Philosophical Foundations The origins of transhumanism trace back to the Renaissance and Enlightenment periods, when belief in the power of human reason and science to transform human life gained stren
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Akif Taha Külekçi

Cell culture is a fundamental laboratory technique at the heart of biological research, pharmaceutical development, and genetic engineering. It is based on the cultivation and proliferation of cells isolated from living organisms under controlled in vitro conditions. In biomedical applications, methods based on cell culture are reported to be used globally at a rate of 60%. This technique enables the isolation of cellular responses, genetic modifications, and the testing of novel therapeutic str
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Mürüvvet Doğangün
GeGenetic engineering is a branch of biotechnology that aims to directly modify the genetic structure of organisms by altering, adding, or removing their DNA. This technology is applied in numerous fields such as increasing agricultural production, developing medical treatments, and improving industrial processes. History The foundations of genetic engineering were laid in the 19th century with the work of Gregor Mendel on pea plants. The discovery of the double helix structure of DNA in 1953 by J
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