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The Selfish Gene, a theoretical approach in evolutionary biology that takes the gene rather than the individual or species as the fundamental unit of natural selection and argues that adaptation occurs at the genetic level. This concept, first popularized by Richard Dawkins in 1976, posits that organisms are programmed “survival machines” or vehicles designed to preserve and propagate their genes, with genes themselves being the ultimate beneficiaries and enduring units of evolutionary processes

Game theory is a mathematical discipline that analyzes how individuals, firms, or states make decisions when they are mutually dependent on each other’s actions. Initially defined by John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern, game theory has evolved over time into its current form through contributions from leading mathematicians such as John Nash. Game theory is applied not only in economics but also in many other fields including political science, biology, and psychology, helping us better under