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The Customs Union Agreement between Türkiye and the European Union is the agreement that represents the most advanced stage of economic integration between the two parties, with its foundations laid by Türkiye’s first association application in 1959 and its legal framework established by the Ankara Agreement of 1963. Initially conceived as a strategic milestone on the path toward full membership, this process progressed through three phases—preparation, transition, and final stage—and reached it

Azerbaijan–Armenia Railway Oil Export is a commercial and economic development marking the first time oil products were shipped from Azerbaijan to Armenia via railway on 18 December 2025. This event has been recorded as a practical step toward normalizing trade relations between the two countries and advancing the peace agenda.Background and DevelopmentsPeace Process and NegotiationsThe initiative to export oil from Azerbaijan to Armenia is an extension of diplomatic engagement and peace process

In April 2025, a widespread agricultural frost event across Türkiye was recorded as one of the most extensive and destructive agricultural disasters in the past thirty years. Sudden temperature drops between 9 and 13 April, with air temperatures falling below zero in many regions during nighttime hours, directly affected agricultural production in 36 provinces. This frost event coincided with the flowering and early fruit development stages of crops, causing severe damage to numerous product gro

The agreement for the export of the HÜRJET jet trainer aircraft, developed by Turkish Aerospace Industries, was formally signed at a ceremony held on 28 April at the Airbus facilities in Madrid. The ceremony was attended by defense industry officials and military representatives from Türkiye and Spain as well as executives from industrial organizations. The signed contract has initiated the process to integrate the HÜRJET into the Spanish Air Force inventory.Scope of the Agreement and Production

Customs duty is a financial obligation imposed on goods when they enter (import) or exit (export) a country’s customs territory, with economic effects and revenue generation for public. This duty arises at the moment goods are presented to customs and is regulated under Law No. 4458 on Customs. According to Article 3/8-a of Law No. 4458 Law, it encompasses all taxes applied during import and export. These include Value Added Tax (VAT), Special Consumption Tax (SCT), Anti-Dumping Duty, Anti-Subsi

MKE Yavuz Howitzer is a modern, truck-mounted, 155 mm caliber self-propelled howitzer system developed by the Machine and Chemical Industry Corporation (MKE). Designed to meet the requirements of the Turkish Armed Forces, the Yavuz Howitzer stands out for its high mobility and rapid fire capability.Technical SpecificationsCaliber: 155 mm, 52-caliber barrel lengthAmmunition Capacity: 18 roundsRate of Fire: Approximately 4 to 6 rounds per minuteRange:18 km with M107 ammunitionUp to 40 km with adva

Foreign trade refers to the entire set of economic activities involving the exchange of goods and services between two or more countries. Because these activities are conducted beyond national borders, they are subject to different economic and legal regulations. Foreign trade has two fundamental components: exports and imports.Exports are the sale of goods and services produced within a country’s borders to foreign markets.Imports involve purchasing goods and services from foreign countries and

Aydın Pine Nut is a kernel obtained from the cones of the Pinus pinea tree, characterized by a light to dark cream color and a pointed, ellipsoidal shape. Harvesting of pine nuts cultivated in Aydın Province typically occurs between January and April, after the mature cones attain a reddish-brown chestnut hue, using either traditional or mechanical methods. Approximately 60 percent of Turkey’s pine nut production is sourced from Aydın Province, with the majority of this output exported, making a

As a result of peace negotiations between Russia and Ukraine, we have begun to hear frequently about a concept known as Rare Earth Elements (REE).What makes this concept so significant? Or is this issue truly worthy of such attention?First, the term REE encompasses the lanthanides along with scandium and yttrium. Their applications are extremely broad, especially in everyday technological devices such as smartphones and automobiles, as well as in the transmission of renewable energy so

Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) is a high-nutritional-value agricultural product of economic significance belonging to the Anacardiaceae family. Native to Central Asia, this crop is currently cultivated primarily in Türkiye, Iran, and the United States.Botanical CharacteristicsThe pistachio tree is a long-lived, drought-resistant plant that can grow up to 10 meters in height. Its leaves are compound, alternately arranged, and glabrous. The plant has a dioecious structure, with male and female flowe