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Phenomenology is a philosophical approach and qualitative research method that seeks to understand the essence of phenomena and the meanings attributed to them by starting from individuals’ lived experiences. The term “phenomenology” is derived from the Greek words “phainomenon” (appearance) and “logos” (reason, discourse) and can be defined in its broadest sense as “the knowledge of appearances.” Edmund Husserl, regarded as the founder of this approach, developed phenomenology as a method focus

Modernism is defined as a major intellectual movement that emerged in the late 19th century and early 20th century, influencing various fields such as art, literature, architecture, philosophy and science. Modernism was a movement that challenged traditional thought structures by focusing on innovative and experimental approaches. Shaped by the Industrial Revolution, technological advancements and scientific progress, the modernist understanding questioned the foundational values of human experi