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Abdullah Hilmi Tunalı, known as Tunalı Hilmi Bey, gained prominence during the transition from the late Ottoman Empire to the early years of the Republic through his political and social activities. Born on 28 August 1871 in the town of Eski Cuma (Targovişte) in Bulgaria, then part of the Ottoman territories, Tunalı Hilmi migrated with his family to Istanbul after the 1877–78 Russo-Turkish War, began his education in Üsküdar, and became involved in political activities by joining the Young Turk

Education Policy is the comprehensive set of decisions, laws, and strategies adopted by a state or society to manage, regulate, and transform its education system in accordance with specific objectives. Definition Education policy encompasses the fundamental principles that determine the overall structure, aims, funding, and governance of an education system. It is regarded as a strategic choice that shapes a nation’s future and has a broad impact ranging from individuals’ level of participation

The report he prepared served as the basis for the abolition of Darülfünun and the establishment of Istanbul University. It addressed child-centered pedagogical principles within the educational philosophy and the interaction between schools and society. Life and Education Albert Malche was born on 22 February 1876 in Geneva, Switzerland. He came from a French-speaking Jewish family. After graduating from the Faculty of Letters at the University of Geneva, he began his academic career in 1910. I

PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment) is an evaluation program conducted by the OECD that measures the competencies of 15-year-old students in reading, mathematics and science at an international level. The program does not only assess student performance but also provides data to inform the development of policies and educational reforms by revealing the strengths and weaknesses of education systems. PISA is one of the world’s most comprehensive international student assessment