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Émile Zola (1840–1902) was a writer who produced significant works in the fields of the novel and journalism during 19th-century French literature. In his literary output, he examined the individual within the framework of heredity, environment, and social conditions, applying this approach systematically especially in the Rougon-Macquart series, which portrays France during the Second Empire. His journalistic activities included the landmark text “I Accuse…” (J’accuse…!), through which he direc