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The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), officially known as the Central Intelligence Agency, was established on September 18, 1947, under the National Security Act signed by President Harry S. Truman. Its origins trace back to the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), which operated during World War II and was disbanded after the war. Some of the OSS’s functions were temporarily maintained under the Strategic Services Unit (SSU) before being reorganized in 1946 into the Central Intelligence Group (

Presidency of Defense Industries (PDI) is a central institution under the Presidency of Türkiye tasked with meeting Türkiye’s defense and security needs through domestic and national capabilities, developing the defense industry, and ensuring the modernization of the Turkish Armed Forces. The institutional structuring of Türkiye’s defense industry began in 1985 with the aim of establishing a modern defense industry and modernizing the Turkish Armed Forces. Under this framework, the Directorate o