PrProblem-Based Learning (PBL) is an educational approach that organizes the learning process around complex, real-world problems. In this method, students actively engage both individually and in groups to understand and solve the problems they encounter. Rather than passively receiving knowledge as in traditional educational models, PBL provides an experiential environment in which learners take responsibility for their own learning. PBL aims not only to help students acquire knowledge in specif
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InFlipped learning (FL) is a teaching approach that reverses the structure of traditional instruction and places the learner at the center. In this model, the transmission of information is moved outside the classroom, allowing students to prepare for the topic in advance using pre-prepared instructional materials such as videos, texts, or digital content. Class time is then devoted to activities focused on higher-order thinking skills such as discussion, application, group work, and problem solvi
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Melahat Pamuk

Born in Istanbul in 1906, Nurullah Berk became one of the pioneering figures of modern Turkish painting. He developed his artistic vision through education at the Sanayi-i Nefise Mektebi and in Paris, integrating influences from Cubism and Constructivism into a unique East-West synthesis. Beyond painting, he made lasting contributions to contemporary Turkish art through his work as an educator, writer, and museum director.LifeNurullah Berk, born in Istanbul in 1906, completed his secondary educa
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Yahya B. Keskin
GaGame-based learning is a pedagogical approach that aims to actively engage students in the learning process by acquiring knowledge through experiential, engaging, and interactive environments.【1】 This approach has the potential to support students’ cognitive, affective, and social development while strengthening their intrinsic motivation toward learning.【2】In game-based learning, knowledge is not a passive content to be received; it is a dynamic process constructed by students through their exp
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Ömer Faruk Tuğla

Theories of Security Studies, constitute an interdisciplinary body of research that examines the phenomenon of security in its conceptual, theoretical, and practical dimensions as one of the fundamental subfields of international relations. This field draws on methods and concepts from various social sciences—including political science, sociology, economics, law, and psychology—to analyze the nature, sources, and scope of security.Although numerous theoretical frameworks have been developed to
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Ömer Said Aydın
CoConstructivism is a theory of knowledge and learning that posits knowledge is not passively received from the external world by the learner, but actively constructed or structured by the individual through their experiences and existing mental frameworks. According to this approach, learning is not a process of accumulating information through rote memorization, but rather the individual’s construction of meaning by relating new information to prior knowledge. Grounded in philosophy and psycholo
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