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Historical Development and Theoretical Framework The concept of groupthink was first introduced in 1972 by social psychologist Irving L. Janis. In his work Groupthink: Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and Fiascoes, Janis analyzed U.S. foreign policy failures such as the Bay of Pigs invasion, the unpreparedness for the Pearl Harbor attack, and the escalation of the Vietnam War through this theoretical lens. According to Janis, the root cause of these failures was not a lack of individual