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Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA), known internationally as Sickle Cell Disease (SCD), is a hereditary blood disorder characterized by the production of abnormal hemoglobin S (HbS) due to a mutation in the hemoglobin gene. This structural defect causes red blood cells to lose their normal round and flexible shape and assume a sickle form. Sickled erythrocytes lose their elasticity, adhere to vessel walls, and cause microvascular occlusions, leading to inadequate oxygen delivery to tissues. Over time, hyp