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Nuclear hydrogen production is an energy conversion method based on the decomposition of water into its chemical components, hydrogen and oxygen, using heat and/or electricity generated by nuclear reactors. This approach is an innovative technological solution aimed at reducing fossil fuel use, enhancing energy supply security, and supporting the production of low-carbon hydrogen.Hydrogen production methods are classified according to the type of energy source used and the environmental impact o

In nuclear reactors, refueling—the planned removal of spent fuel assemblies from the reactor core and their replacement with fresh fuel, alongside the strategic rearrangement of remaining fuel assemblies—is a critical core management process that directly affects reactor reactivity control, power distribution, safety margins, and economic operation. In Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs), periodic fuel replacement operations are essential for continuous and safe energy production. The fundamental

Fourth-generation Molten Salt Reactors (MSR) are an advanced class of reactors that use a mixture of molten salts as either the primary coolant or the fuel carrier in nuclear fission energy production. As one of the six advanced reactor technologies identified by the Generation IV International Forum (GIF), MSRs are distinguished from conventional light water reactors by their potential for high thermal efficiency, passive safety systems, and conversion of nuclear waste. In these systems, the fu

The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) is a scientific and engineering endeavor aimed at reproducing on Earth the nuclear fusion process that powers stars under controlled conditions. The project’s primary objective is to establish the scientific evidence and technological infrastructure necessary to demonstrate the future viability of fusion energy as a sustainable, safe, and environmentally friendly power source.In this context, ITER encompasses the construction of a fusio

Electric vehicles are increasingly becoming more prevalent in the international market. To meet future demand, existing battery technologies must evolve. It is now fully understood that the technologies used in current lithium-ion batteries cannot adequately meet today’s needs, and solid-state batteries are seen as one of the main alternatives to address this issue.Working PrincipleUnlike conventional lithium-ion batteries, solid-state batteries use solid electrolytes instead of liquid electroly

A fuel cell is a specialized energy source that generates electricity, water, and heat using hydrogen gas. This system produces energy through chemical reactions rather than by directly burning the fuel. As such, it operates both cleanly and quietly. Fuel cells generate electricity like batteries but can operate for longer durations. They use only hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity, making them harmless to the environment. They produce no waste other than water vapor and are environmenta

A hydroelectric power plant is an energy center that generates electricity by harnessing the power of water. In these plants, the kinetic energy of flowing water is converted into electrical energy. Machines operate and electricity is produced as water falls from a height or flows continuously. This type of energy is called "hydroelectric energy."How Does It Work?Power plants are typically built next to dams. Water from the dam is released from a height and flows through large pipes to turbines.

Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) are advanced nuclear reactors designed on a smaller, modular scale compared to traditional nuclear power plants. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) defines them as reactors with a net electrical output of 300 megawatts (MW) or less per unit, whose individual modules can be manufactured in a factory environment. These reactors generate heat through nuclear fission and use this heat to produce low-carbon electricity. SMR technology is emerging as a key play