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Mosaic is a two- or three-dimensional pictorial technique formed by arranging small pieces of stone, glass, ceramic, marble, paper, or similar hard materials side by side on a specific surface to create a pattern or figure. The visual images produced by this technique are also referred to by the same name. The art of mosaic has been widely used throughout history in architectural structures for flooring, wall, and ceiling coverings, both for aesthetic and functional purposes. Although the etymol

Yes, the title may seem provocative or even strange at first glance. But this statement is a summary of a European reflex that stretches not only to the late periods of the Ottoman Empire but all the way back to its early conquest years. The Ottoman Empire, while still just one of the beyliks in Anatolia, generated profound anxiety in Europe’s political and religious structure as soon as it crossed into the Balkans. This anxiety led over subsequent centuries to a series of crusade-like military