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Linus Carl Pauling (February 28, 1901 – August 19, 1994) was an American chemist, biochemist, and peace activist renowned for his research on the nature of the chemical bond and molecular structures. His work laid the foundation for modern chemistry and molecular biology, bridging quantum mechanics and chemical theory. Pauling is one of the few individuals to have received multiple Nobel Prizes in different fields: the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1954 and the Nobel Peace Prize in 1962. He made s

Crucible is a round-based conical laboratory material that is resistant to heat and chemicals and is used in high-temperature burning, melting, heating and drying processes in the laboratory.The French word “creuset”, meaning a high temperature resistant container, was later translated into Turkish as “Kroze”. The crucible was invented by the Persian physician scientist and philosopher Abu Bakr al-Razi during the alchemical period. During the alchemical period, the crucible was used especially t

Remziye Hisar (1902 – 13 June 1992) was a Turkish chemist and academic. Hisar was Türkiye’s first female chemist and the first Turkish woman to earn a doctorate from the Sorbonne University. Throughout her academic career, she held positions at various universities in Istanbul and Ankara, conducting research primarily on metaphosphates.Early Life and EducationRemziye Hisar was born in the city of Üsküp, then part of the Ottoman Empire. Her father was Salih Hulusi Bey, a Lieutenant Colonel in t