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Corrosion is the degradation of materials through chemical or electrochemical reactions induced by environmental factors, resulting in the loss of physical and mechanical properties. Although commonly associated with metals, many materials including polymers and ceramics are also affected by this process. The fundamental driving force behind corrosion is the tendency of the system to reduce its free energy. Refined metals exhibit a thermodynamic tendency to re-oxidize because they possess higher

Solvent extraction is a separation and purification method based on the transfer of a soluble component from one phase to another using a solvent. It is commonly employed to extract a target substance from a liquid mixture into another liquid phase. The solvent used in this process is a liquid that is partially or completely immiscible with the initial solution. Solvent extraction is widely applied in chemical, metallurgical, biotechnological, and food industries.In a solvent extraction process,

Crucible is a round-based conical laboratory material that is resistant to heat and chemicals and is used in high-temperature burning, melting, heating and drying processes in the laboratory.The French word “creuset”, meaning a high temperature resistant container, was later translated into Turkish as “Kroze”. The crucible was invented by the Persian physician scientist and philosopher Abu Bakr al-Razi during the alchemical period. During the alchemical period, the crucible was used especially t

Novichok agents are a class of organophosphate nerve agents described in the provided sources as highly potent chemical compounds developed within the Soviet classified nerve-agent program known as FOLIANT.【1】 They became widely known after poisoning incidents in the United Kingdom in 2018. According to the sources, these agents are among the most toxic nerve agents and may affect both the central and peripheral nervous systems. At the same time, the available literature emphasizes that public i