`capitulations` Related Article Results

The Tefrik-i Tebaa Policy was a political instrument developed by the Ottoman State in response to the complex nationality issues that emerged during its accelerating decline and disintegration from the late 18th century onward. This policy took shape as a consequence of internal and external dynamics including the weakening of central authority the proliferation of capitulations and the increasing protective efforts of foreign states over Ottoman subjects. The state aimed to reestablish control