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Molecular self-assembly is an interdisciplinary scientific process wherein molecules spontaneously organize into ordered structures or patterns without external direction, driven by non-covalent interactions such as hydrogen bonding, van der Waals forces, electrostatic interactions, and hydrophobic effects. This phenomenon, observed in both natural and synthetic systems, plays a pivotal role in nanotechnology, materials science, and synthetic biology. Operating at the nanoscale (1–100 nm), molec

Nanoparticles are materials with sizes typically ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers, and due to their small dimensions they exhibit optical, electronic, magnetic and catalytic properties distinct from those of conventional materials. These unique properties have made nanoparticles attractive for potential applications in numerous fields including medicine, environmental science, energy, agriculture and textiles. Traditional nanoparticle synthesis methods often require high temperatures, high press