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Gnetum gnemon is a gymnosperm species belonging to the phylum Gnetophyta and typically grows in tropical and subtropical regions. The plant’s morphological, physiological, and biochemical properties provide significant data for evolutionary biology and plant development research. Gnetum gnemon exhibits structural and reproductive characteristics distinct from other gymnosperms and is therefore regarded as a key model for understanding the evolution of plants and the origin of flowering plants (a

Functional foods are those that go beyond providing essential nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals by delivering measurable and scientifically supported additional effects on human physiology and metabolic processes. These products are not limited to merely meeting energy needs or maintaining nutritional balance; they can also exhibit health-related functions such as supporting the immune system, preserving digestive health, reducing cardiovascular risk, or str