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Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is a Gram-positive, oval-to-lancet-shaped diplococcus; it is a facultative anaerobe that forms α-hemolytic colonies and is pathogenic only in humans. More than 100 capsular serotypes have been identified on the surface, linked covalently to teichoic acids【1】 via phosphorylcholine【2】; the capsule is both the key to immune evasion and the target of current vaccines. Serotype Diversity and Capsule Biology The structural diversity of the glycocalyx【3】 distingu

One Health is an interdisciplinary health approach based on the principle that human, animal, and environmental health are interdependent and interconnected. This understanding recognizes that a significant proportion of risks to human health originate from animals and are directly linked to environmental factors, necessitating a multidisciplinary collaboration among health systems. The One Health approach enables a holistic evaluation of various global health issues such as zoonotic diseases, a