
The Treaty of Kadesh, regarded as a turning point in the history of diplomacy and international relations, is the earliest known written peace treaty to have survived from antiquity. It was signed in the 13th century BCE between the Hittite Empire and the New Kingdom of Egypt, two major powers of the era whose prolonged military and political rivalries culminated in the Battle of Kadesh in 1274 BCE. This conflict resulted in significant losses for both sides. Ongoing internal unrest and border t
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Hümeyra Yılmaz

The United Kingdom–United States Trade Agreement is a trade arrangement signed in 2025 and entered into force on 30 June 2025. The agreement aims to expand market access between the two countries primarily through the reduction or elimination of tariffs in key sectors including automotive aerospace agriculture and energy. It was implemented by U.S. President Donald Trump and U.K. Prime Minister Keir Starmer. Signing Process and Legal Basis The general principles of the agreement between the Unit
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Edanur Karakoç

April The electricity operation agreement signed between Türkiye and Azerbaijan in 2025 is an energy protocol aimed at increasing electricity exports from Nakhchivan to Türkiye. Background Energy cooperation between Türkiye and Azerbaijan has been shaped by longstanding long consultations under strategic. On 4 April 2025, during talks held in the Azerbaijani capital Baku, Azerbaijani Minister of Energy Perviz Shahbazov and Türkiye Minister of Energy and Natural Resources Alparslan Bayraktar met
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Edanur Karakoç

Between Syria and Jordan, the signing of multiple cooperation agreements and memoranda of understanding constitutes a diplomatic process aimed at expanding relations between the two countries within an institutional framework. High Coordination Council Meeting The agreements were signed during the second term meeting of the Syria-Jordan High Coordination Council. The meeting was held in Amman, the capital of Jordan, and attended by more than 30 ministers and senior officials from both countries.
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Zeynep Gül

Türkiye–Saudi Arabia Renewable Energy and Solar Power Electricity Purchase Agreement, is a comprehensive cooperation signed between the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources of the Republic of Türkiye and Saudi-based energy company ACWA, covering the construction of solar power plants and long-term electricity procurement. The agreement was implemented during the Signing Ceremony for the Sivas and Taşeli Solar Power Plant Projects held in Istanbul on 20 February 2026. The agreement includes t
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Edanur Karakoç

Syria-Israel Joint Communication Mechanism Agreement is a trilateral diplomatic accord signed on 6 January 2026 in Paris under US mediation, by the governments of Syria Israel and the United States of America. The agreement provides for the establishment of a joint communication mechanism named the “Joint Fusion Mechanism” to facilitate intelligence sharing reduction of military tensions continuation of diplomatic contacts and assessment of commercial opportunities. General Framework Following t
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Edanur Karakoç

The Treaty of Kadesh, regarded as a turning point in the history of diplomacy and international relations, is the first written peace treaty ever recorded and preserved to the present day. It was signed in the 13th century BCE between the Hittite Empire and Ancient Egypt. The prolonged military and political rivalries between these two major powers of the era culminated in the Battle of Kadesh in 1274 BCE. This battle resulted in significant losses for both sides. Due to ongoing internal unrest
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Hümeyra Yılmaz

As part of diplomatic engagements between Türkiye and Saudi Arabia, new agreements were signed aimed at enhancing political economic and strategic relations between the two countries. In particular the mutual visa exemption for holders of diplomatic and special passports and the economic cooperation protocols have been regarded as indicators of a new chapter in bilateral relations. Third Meeting of the Turkish-Saudi Coordination Council The third meeting of the Turkish-Saudi Coordination Council
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Zeynep Gül

A formal state visit took place between 11 and 12 February 2025 to strengthen diplomatic, economic and strategic relations between Türkiye and Indonesia. Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan met with Indonesian President Prabowo Subianto during this visit, attended the first meeting of the High-Level Strategic Cooperation Council, and witnessed the signing of multiple cooperation agreements between the two country. During the visit, a total of 13 memoranda of understanding were signed to enhan
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Edanur Karakoç

The Comprehensive Strategic Partnership Agreement between Iran and Russia is a comprehensive intergovernmental agreement regulating long-term cooperation between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Russian Federation. The agreement was signed on 17 January 2025 at the Kremlin Palace in Moscow and was ratified by the Russian Federal Assembly in April 2025 and by the Iranian Parliament on 21 May 2025. It officially entered into force on 2 October 2025. The agreement is valid for a period of 20 ye
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Edanur Karakoç