InFlipped learning (FL) is a teaching approach that reverses the structure of traditional instruction and places the learner at the center. In this model, the transmission of information is moved outside the classroom, allowing students to prepare for the topic in advance using pre-prepared instructional materials such as videos, texts, or digital content. Class time is then devoted to activities focused on higher-order thinking skills such as discussion, application, group work, and problem solvi
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Academic motivation is a concept that refers to the psychological processes that initiate, direct, and sustain an individual’s participation in educational and learning activities. Educational psychology considers academic motivation as a construct related to students’ interest in learning activities, the effort they invest in learning, their desire to achieve academic goals, and their level of active engagement in the learning process. Students’ approaches to completing academic tasks, their pa
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Cooperative (cooperative) learning is a learning model based on sharing and solidarity, in which individuals work together in small heterogeneous groups through mutual interaction to support both their own learning and that of their peers. This approach aims not only to enhance academic outcomes but also to develop social skills, a sense of responsibility, and communication abilities. Cooperative learning aligns with constructivist educational philosophy by positioning students as active individ
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Academic Resilience is a concept that refers to the capacity of students to continue engaging in learning processes and persist in pursuing academic goals despite encountering academic difficulties, experiences of failure, and adverse environmental conditions. This concept, examined in the fields of educational sciences and psychology, has emerged as a significant area of research aimed at explaining the success of students facing disadvantaged circumstances. Academic resilience is regarded as a
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