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States that alter the course of history typically rise by facing their greatest challenges in the most difficult geographies.The Seljuks left an indelible mark on history not only through the military discipline of the steppe but also by assuming the guardianship of the Islamic world and building a profound state tradition.What, then, propelled this vast structure to its peak and inevitably drove it toward its demise?The Protective Shield of the Islamic WorldLong before the Battle of Manzikert,

When we look at the stage of history, the Turks have always played a significant role. However, they are not alone on this stage. The Germans have also emerged as a powerful, combative, and dominant people in world history.Parallel Journeys in HistoryAlthough the Turks and the Germans lived in different geographical regions, they share similar characteristics. Both peoples possess a strong sense of leadership, discipline, and a warrior spirit. These traits enabled them to establish numerous powe

The Kleopatra Gate is the only remaining structure among the three gates of the Byzantine-era city walls of Tarsus, originally known as the Sea Gate. The city walls included the Mountain Gate, Adana Gate, and Sea Gate. The gate was constructed using Horasan mortar and cut stone. The passage consists of a single horseshoe-shaped arch, with its height from ground level ranging between 6.17 and 8.50 metres and its depth approximately 6.18 metres. The width of the gate is reported to be about 5.60 m