--- title: Passport slug: passport url: /detay/passport type: article language: English entity: primary: Passport type: article disambiguation: Passport: Your official travel document for international journeys. Proof of identity & nationality for border control. Get yours today! categories: - name: Travel And Tourism slug: seyahat-ve-turizm url: /kategori/seyahat-ve-turizm - name: Politics And International Relations slug: siyaset-ve-uluslararasi-iliskiler url: /kategori/siyaset-ve-uluslararasi-iliskiler - name: Transportation And Logistics slug: ulastirma-ve-lojistik url: /kategori/ulastirma-ve-lojistik tags: - Biometric - Travel - Passport - IDENTITY author: Mehmet Salih Çoban created_at: 2025-02-07T20:43:38.476662+03:00 updated_at: 2025-04-17T12:18:36.775022+03:00 --- # Passport ## Article Content A [passport](/en/detay/pasaport-3/llms.txt) is [an](/en/detay/an-2/llms.txt) official travel document issued by a state to its citizens or, in some cases, to foreigners, allowing them to exit and enter a country. It serves as proof of identity and nationality and is used for border control and international travel. ![Image](https://cdn.kureansiklopedi.com/media/uploads/2026/02/11/passport-pasaport_hizmetleri.png) *Passports of Republic of Türkiye* ### **Etymology** The word "passport" originates from the medieval Italian terms *passa porto* ("to pass the harbor") or *passa porte* ("to pass the gates"), referring to documents required for crossing city gates or harbors. The [modern](/en/detay/modern-2/llms.txt) concept of [passports](/en/detay/pasaport-2/llms.txt) became widespread as national identity and border security gained importance in the 19th and 20th centuries. ### **Historical Development** **Early Examples and Historical Use** Passport-like documents have been used throughout history by various states and empires: - **450 BCE**: The Hebrew Bible mentions that Nehemiah received a letter from King Artaxerxes I to allow him safe passage through foreign territories. - **3rd century BCE**: The Indian political treatise *Arthashastra* describes entry and exit permits. - **Han Dynasty China (202 BCE – 220 CE)**: Passports (zhuan) were used to regulate movement within the empire. - **12th century**: In the Islamic Caliphate, a tax receipt (*bara’a*) functioned as a basic travel permit. - **Medieval Europe**: King Henry V of England introduced a document in 1414 that resembled modern passports. **Emergence of Modern Passports** - **19th century**: With the expansion of rail travel in Europe, passport regulations were relaxed. - **World War I (1914–1918)**: Governments reintroduced passport requirements for security and migration control. - **1920**: The League of Nations held the Paris Passport Conference, standardizing passport formats. - **1980**: The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) established machine-readable passport standards. - **Since 1998**: Many countries have adopted biometric passports for enhanced security. ### **Types of Passports** Although passport classifications vary by country, they generally fall into the following categories: **1. Ordinary Passport (Burgundy Passport)** - Issued to regular citizens for international travel. - Valid for a period ranging from six months to ten years. - Visa requirements vary by country. **2. Special Passport (Green Passport)** - Issued in Türkiye to certain government employees, retired officials, and public institution workers. - Provides broader visa-free travel options. **3. Service Passport (Gray Passport)** - Granted to individuals traveling abroad on official government duty. - Often exempt from visa requirements, though this depends on bilateral agreements. **4. Diplomatic Passport (Red Passport)** - Issued to high-ranking officials and diplomats. - May grant diplomatic immunity and other privileges. **5. Passport for Foreigners** - Provided to stateless individuals or those whose citizenship status is uncertain. - Serves as an international travel document. **6. Temporary and Emergency Travel Documents** - Issued when a passport is lost or stolen. - Used primarily to facilitate an individual's return to their home country. ### **Contents and Technological Developments** Modern passports contain the following details: - Full name of the bearer - Date and place of birth - Citizenship information - Passport number - Photograph and signature - Pages for entry and exit stamps To enhance security, many countries now issue **biometric passports** containing an embedded microchip with the holder’s fingerprint, [facial recognition](/en/detay/face-recognition-eb40b/llms.txt) data, and a digital signature. ### **Legal Basis and Use of Passports** Passports are issued by a country's executive authority, typically under the supervision of the Ministry of Interior or Ministry of Foreign Affairs. - **Türkiye ’s Passport Law (Law No. 5682)** defines passport types and regulations. - **International Law**: Passports are recognized as valid travel documents under international agreements. ## Academic Sources and References 1. Cane, P., and J. Conaghan. The New Oxford Companion to Law. London: Oxford University Press, 2008. ISBN 9780199290543.Indiana University. "League of Nations Photo Archive – Timeline – 1920." Archived from the original on April 2, 2020. Accessed July 13, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20110719215005/https://bl-libg-doghill.ads.iu.edu/league-web/book/p63.html.Merriam-Webster. "Passport." Accessed January 23, 2025. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/passport.Ruhi, Ahmet Cemal. "PASAPORT VE PASAPORT ÇEŞİTLERİ." Erzincan Binali Yıldırım Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 11, no. 1-2 (2007): 333–50.Thales Group. "Electronic Passport Trends." Accessed January 23, 2025. https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/markets/digital-identity-and-security/government/passport/electronic-passport-trends.Government of Canada. "History of Passports." Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada. Accessed January 23, 2025. https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/services/canadians/celebrate-being-canadian/teachers-corner/history-passports.html.T.C. Nüfus ve Vatandaşlık İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü. "Pasaport." Erişim 23 Ocak 2025. https://www.nvi.gov.tr/pasaport.